History+of+Migration


 * 1) Diverse National Origins and Background
 * 2) Central America
 * 3) Countries
 * 4) Dominican Republic
 * 5) El Salvador
 * 6) Guatemala
 * 7) Nicaragua
 * 8) Reasons for migration
 * 9) Severe political and economic turmoil
 * 10) Many people from these areas in the U.S hold or seek refuge status
 * 11) Undocumented immigrants
 * 12) Students
 * 13) They have witnessed traumatic events resulting from war or political unrest
 * 14) They are more likely than students from Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-American backgrounds to experience language barriers and overall adjustment problems in the context of school.
 * 15) Some of these students may have had no previous schooling and can be illiterate in their native language
 * 16) South America
 * 17) Countries
 * 18) Colombia
 * 19) Ecuador
 * 20) Peru
 * 21) Reasons for migration
 * 22) They form a highly heterogeneous mix whose parents are "professionals, white-collar employees, and blue-collar workers."
 * 23) Many of these students are second-generation Americans
 * 24) Two Groups in the Collective
 * 25) Mexicans/Chicanos/as: The Latino/a Majority
 * 26) People who have recent or distant familial ties to the country of Mexico
 * 27) Labels
 * 28) Mexican refers to Mexican nationals (documented or undocumented) who live in the United States
 * 29) Mexican Americans (or Americans of Mexican descent) are persons born in the United States that have assimilated into the mainstream
 * 30) Chicano/a comes from the Mexican Indian Nahuatl work mechicano. (used to describe the collective U.S native-born population of Mexican descent
 * 31) Can be used interchangeably with Mexican American.
 * 32) History
 * 33) "First Americans to establish homesteads in the territories that became Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, an d Texas"
 * 34) Many Americans express fears and concerns about the growing population of undocumented Mexicans in this country, Mexicans of a earlier era expressed similar concerns about the growth and population of undocumented Americans. There was an increase number of Americans in Mexico and the potential annexation of Mexican territory.
 * 35) Over 1/3 of Mexican Land was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
 * 36) Included Texas (Tejas)
 * 37) Represented loss of over a million acres of Mexican Territory
 * 38) As the number of Americans and enslaved Blacks increased the percentages of Mexicans decreased.
 * 39) Tejanos- persons of Mexican descent who were born in Texas
 * 40) Ancestors of Chicanos/as were U.S Citizens not by immigration but by conquest
 * 41) Once known as Northern Mexico
 * 42) States of California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, and Utah.
 * 43) Despite historic ties, the Chicano/a student is likely to be treated as a foreigner or intruder
 * 44) REALITY: Many Mexican families had lived in these areas for generations prior to the extraordinary 1848 episode in Mexican/ U.S relations
 * 45) DON’T KNOW: Mexicans who lived in that area were granted 1 year by the U.S government to decide whether they would remain in the territory and become American citizens
 * 46) Many chose to remain because of the stipulation in the treaty
 * 47) The U.S government assured Mexicans living in the territory that their lands would be protected, their religion honored, their language preserved, and their livelihoods left undisturbed.
 * 48) WORK: Many Americans were the early border crossers and began settlement of what eventually became the western United States.
 * 49) Americans were lured to the region by the promise of employment opportunities that placed them in positions of authority over Mexican workers
 * 50) Early Spanish and Mexican communities had consisted of landed wealthy and merchant class persons
 * 51) Eventually replaced these self-sufficient populations
 * 52) In time, poor Chicanos/as and Mexicans established communities that provided social and emotional support against the discrimination and exploitation they encountered in their interactions with the white American population.
 * 53) Poverty was widespread and economic support frequently provided by self-help organization
 * 54) Puerto Ricans
 * 55) More than any other student group in the collective Latino/a population Puerto Ricans suffer from the greatest number of risk factors for school failure
 * 56) Poorest of all the Latino/a groups
 * 57) Live in single parent homes
 * 58) Highest drop out rate
 * 59) Unique American Status
 * 60) Puerto Rico is a former island nation that came under U.S rule in 1897.
 * 61) Many efforts have been made to make it English speaking territory, the primary language is Spanish
 * 62) History
 * 63) 3500 years ago prior to the invasion of Spain and U.S arrival the native culture of Puerto Rico existed.
 * 64) Spanish conquered the Puerto Rican native population and also imported enslaved African Americans.
 * 65) The culture evolved into its current unique mixture of Spanish, Native India, African, and Anglo-American elements.
 * 66) Coffee Production and geographic location were factors that made it attractive to the U.S economic, political, and military interests.
 * 67) Jones Act of 1917-Puerto Rico was assigned commonwealth status and its inhabitants designated U.S citizens
 * 68) Despite the commonwealth status of the island, many argue that the United States maintains a colonial power relationship with Puerto Rico
 * 69) Some say they enjoy less independence than they did with their previous Spanish Rulers
 * 70) They are U.S Citizens
 * 71) Not permitted to vote in presidential elections unless they are on the U.S mainland
 * 72) Do not have representation in Congress
 * 73) Eligible for service in the armed forces
 * 74) Fought in every U.S military conflict since World War I
 * 75) Said to be foreigners and citizens simultaneously
 * 76) Some rally for independence
 * 77) Other seek closer ties to the United States through campaigning for statehood
 * 78) Island inhabitants cast ballots to determine whether Puerto Rico should petition the U.S Congress to become the 51st state or assume sovereign nation statues.
 * 79) Over 50% chose none of the above
 * 80) Nearly 1/3 of persons currently living in Puerto Rico have at one time lived on the U.S mainland
 * 81) Europeans immigration to the Unites States sought a new identity and dissociation from their homelands, Puerto Ricans rarely desire to sever their social and psychological ties to the island
 * 82) Circular migration pattern for many Puerto Ricans shows the attachment they sustain for the island
 * 83) IDENTIFY: Rarely view themselves as simply American. Because of their circulatory migration they seek to maintain their Puerto Rican cultural and linguistic identity.